Multiple Myeloma (Part 2) - Update on The Approach to Bone Disease / Mieloma múltiplo (Parte 2) - Atualização sobre a abordagem da doença óssea

Abstract The increase in life expectancy of the world population has led to a concomitant increase in the prevalence of multiple myeloma (MM), a disease that usually affects the elderly population. Bone lesions are frequent in patients with this condition, demanding an early approach, from drug treatment, through radiotherapy to orthopedic surgery (prophylactic or therapeutic) with the objective of preventing or delaying the occurrence of fracture, or, when this event has already occurred, treat it through stabilization or replacement (lesions located in the appendicular skeleton) and/or promote stabilization and spinal cord decompression (lesions located in the axial skeleton), providing rapid pain relief, return to ambulation and resocialization, returning quality of life to patients. The aim of this review isto update the reader on the findings of pathophysiology, clinical, laboratory and imaging, differential diagnosis and therapeutic approach of multiple myeloma multiple myeloma bone disease (MMBD).

Resumo O aumento da expectativa devida da população mundial levou a incremento concomitante na prevalência de mieloma múltiplo (MM), patologia que geralmente afeta a população idosa. Lesões ósseas são frequentes nos portadores desta condição, demandando abordagem precoce, desde o tratamento medicamentoso, passando pela radioterapia até a cirurgia ortopédica (profilática ou terapêutica) com os objetivos de prevenir ou retardar a ocorrência de fratura, ou, quando este evento já ocorreu, tratá-la mediante estabilização ou substituição (lesões situadas no esqueleto apendicular) e/ou promover estabilização e descompressão medular (lesões situadas no esqueleto axial), proporcionando rápido alívio da dor, retorno à deambulação e ressocialização, devolvendo a qualidade de vida aos pacientes. O objetivo desta revisão é atualizar o leitor sobre a fisiopatologia, a clínica, exames laboratoriais e de imagem, diagnóstico diferencial e abordagem terapêutica da doença óssea no mieloma múltiplo (DOMM).

Multiple Myeloma (Part 1) - Update on Epidemiology, Diagnostic Criteria, Systemic Treatment and Prognosis / Mieloma múltiplo (Parte 1) - Atualização sobre epidemiología, critérios diagnósticos, tratamento sistêmico e prognóstico

Abstract Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological malignancy characterized by unregulated and clonal proliferation of plasma cells in the bone marrow; these cells produce and secrete an anomalous monoclonal immunoglobulin, or a fragment of this, called M protein. The clinical manifestations of MM result from the proliferation of these plasmocytes, the excessive production of monoclonal immunoglobulin and the suppression of normal humoral immunity, leading to hypercalcemia, bone destruction, renal failure, suppression of hematopoiesis and humoral immunity, increasing the risk for the development of infections. The increase in life expectancy of the world population led to a concomitant increase in the prevalence of MM, a pathology that usually affects the elderly population. The aim of this review is to update the reader on epidemiology, diagnostic criteria, differential diagnosis with other monoclonal gam-mopathies, systemic treatment and prognosis of MM.

Resumo O mieloma múltiplo (MM) constitui neoplasia maligna de origem hematológica caracterizada pela proliferação desregulada e clonal de plasmócitos na medula óssea; estas células produzem e secretam imunoglobulina monoclonal anômala, ou um fragmento desta, denominado proteína M. As manifestações clínicas do MM decorrem da proliferação destes plasmócitos, da produção excessiva de imunoglobulina monoclonal e da supressão da imunidade humoral normal, levando à hipercalcemia, destruição óssea, insuficiência renal, supressão da hematopoiese e da imunidade humoral,aumentandooriscoparaodesenvolvimento de infecções. O aumento na expectativa de vida da população mundial levou a concomitante incremento na prevalência do MM, patologia que habitualmente acomete a população idosa. O objetivo desta revisão é atualizar o leitor sobre a epidemiologia, critérios diagnósticos, diagnóstico diferencial com outras gamopatias monoclonais, tratamento sistêmico e prognóstico do MM.

Contemporary practice of prostate biopsy in Nigeria: Differences in technique and prophylactic measures among urologist

Objectives: Prostate cancer is the most common cancer affecting men in Nigeria. Trans-rectal ultrasound-guided biopsy of the prostate is routinely performed to diagnose prostate cancer. Though safe, prostate biopsy may be associated with some complications. In Nigeria, there are scanty national guidelines on prophylactic measures and techniques in prostate biopsy. The aim of the study was to assess the pre-biopsy prophylactic measures and biopsy protocols employed by Nigerian Urologists. Material and Methods: A survey questionnaire was distributed during the 2019 Annual General Meeting of the Nigerian Association of Urologic Surgeons and information collected on the biopsy route, use of anesthesia, antibiotic prophylaxis, number of samples taken, and possible complications. Results: A total of 72 urologists participated in the study. Bowel preparation was performed by 10 (13.9%) participants for a duration of 1­3 days. All urologists used the transrectal route and anesthesia was given by all. Prophylactic antibiotics were given by all participants. Our participants administered antibiotic prophylaxis for a period of 1, 3, 5, or 7 days (4.2%, 23.6%, 43.1%, and 22.2%, respectively). Ciprofloxacin/metronidazole combination was most commonly prescribed (70.8%). Most urologists (69.4%) commonly take between 8 and 12 core tissues per biopsy session. The most common complication was hemorrhage (43.1%), followed by perineal pain (40.3%). Conclusion: There is a lack of evenness in pre-biopsy prophylactic measures and biopsy protocol among Nigerian Urologists. There is a need for a Nigerian guideline to elucidate the most appropriate antibiotic(s), route of administration and duration of treatment, the preferred anesthesia type, and the number of core-tissues that are appropriate.

Apendicectomía profiláctica en la dotación Antártica: experiencia del Hospital de la Fuerza Aérea de Chile / Prophylactic appendectomy in the Antarctic endowment: experience of the Chilean Air Force Hospital

Resumen Objetivo: Reportar y caracterizar las complicaciones quirúrgicas de las apendicectomías laparoscópicas electivas profilácticas, realizadas a pacientes destinados a dotación antártica, realizadas en Hospital clínico de la Fuerza Aérea de Chile (FACh). Materiales y Método: Análisis retrospectivo descriptivo de fichas clínicas de todos los pacientes sometidos a apendicectomía laparoscópica profiláctica entre los años 2013 y 2017 en Hospital FACh. Se registraron variables demográficas y quirúrgicas de los pacientes. Las complicaciones fueron registradas y clasificadas de acuerdo a Clavien-Dindo. Resultados: Se incluyeron 200 pacientes, 96% hombres y solo 4% mujeres. Se registraron 6 pacientes (3%) con complicaciones quirúrgicas, clasificadas como grado I según Clavien-Dindo. Discusión: No existen reportes de complicaciones en apendicectomías profilácticas. En nuestra serie éstas alcanzan el 3%. Conclusiones: La apendicectomía profiláctica es una cirugía segura, con escasas complicaciones, pero existen y se desarrollan en un paciente que estaba previamente sano.

Aim: To present and characterize surgical complications of elective prophylactic appendectomies, performed in patients for the Antarctic endowment at the Hospital Clínico de la Fuerza Aérea de Chile. Materials and Method: Retrospective descriptive analysis of all patients operated of prophylactic laparoscopic appendectomy between 2013 and 2017. Demographic and surgical variables of the patients were recorded and analysed. Complications were classified according Clavien-Dindo. Results: 200 patients were included, 96% mens. Six patients (3%) had a surgical complication, all classified as Grade I. Discussion: There are no previous reports of surgical complications on prophylactics appendectomies. The complications rate is 3%. Conclusions: The prophylactic appendectomy is a safe surgery with a low rate of complications, although its exists and develops in a previously healthy patient.

The efficacy of two doses versus 7 days' course of prophylactic antibiotics following cesarean section: An experience from Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital

Postcesarean wound infection is a leading cause of prolonged hospital stay. Considerable debates still exist regarding choice of antibiotics, dose, and duration of use. Objectives: The objective is to compare the efficacy of 2 doses of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid versus a 7 days combination of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and metronidazole as prophylactic antibiotics following cesarean section (CS). Methodology: It was a randomized controlled trial that was conducted among 160 women undergoing CS at Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital. Women were randomized into two groups. Group I (study group) received 2 doses of 1.2 g amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. Group II (control group) received a 7 days course of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and metronidazole. The data obtained were analyzed using SPSS version 17. Categorical (qualitative) variables were analyzed using Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test as appropriate while continuous (quantitative) variables were analyzed using independent sample t-test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: There was no statistically significant association in the occurrence of fever (12.8% vs. 15.8%, P = 0.6), wound infection (6.4% vs. 10.5%, P = 0.36), endometritis (7.7% vs. 11.8%, P = 0.38), UTI (6.4% vs. 5.3%, P = 1.00), mean duration of hospital stay (129.7 vs. 134.2 h, P = 0.48), and neonatal outcomes between the two groups. There was statistically significant difference in the mean cost of antibiotics (₦2883/US$9.5 vs. ₦7040/US$23.1, P < 0.001) and maternal side effects (10.3% vs. 26.3%, P < 0.001) between the study and the control groups, respectively. Conclusion: This study found no statistically significant difference in infectious morbidity, duration of hospital stay, and neonatal outcomes when two doses of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid was compared with a 7 days course of prophylactic antibiotic following CS. The use of two doses of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid has the advantages of reduced cost and some maternal side effects. The two doses were cheaper with minimal side effects

Prophylactic central neck dissection and local recurrence in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: a meta-analysis / Esvaziamento cervical central profilático e recidiva local de microcarcinoma papilífero de tireoide: uma metanálise

Abstract Introduction: For papillary thyroid microcarcinoma patients, the reported incidence of lymph node metastasis is as high as 40%, and these occur mainly in the central compartment of the neck. Because these metastases are difficult to detect using ultrasonography preoperatively, some authors advocate routine central neck dissection in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma patients at the time of initial thyroidectomy. Objective: To evaluate whether prophylactic central neck dissection can decrease the local recurrence rate of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma after thyroidectomy. Methods: The publicly available literature published from January 1990 to December 2017 concerning thyroidectomy plus prophylactic central neck dissection versus thyroidectomy for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma was retrieved by searching the national and international online databases. A meta-analysis was performed after the data extraction process. Results: Four studies were finally included with a total of 727 patients, of whom, 366 cases underwent thyroidectomy plus prophylactic central neck dissection and 361 cases received thyroidectomy only. As shown by the meta-analysis results, the recurrence rates in cases of thyroidectomy plus prophylactic central neck dissection were approximately 1.91% and were significantly lower than those with thyroidectomy only (OR = 0.24, 95% CI [0.10, 0.56], p = 0.0009). Conclusion: For patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma, thyroidectomy plus prophylactic central neck dissection is a safe and efficient procedure and it results in lower recurrence rate. Since the evidences are of low quality (non-randomized studies), further randomized trials are needed.

Resumo Introdução: A incidência relatada de metástases linfonodais chega a 40% em pacientes com microcarcinoma papilífero de tireoide e essas ocorrem principalmente no compartimento cervical central. Como essas metástases são difíceis de ser detectadas com o uso de ultrassonografia no pré-operatório, alguns autores defendem o esvaziamento cervical central de rotina em pacientes portadores de microcarcinoma papilífero de tireoide no momento da tireoidectomia inicial. Objetivo: Avaliar se o esvaziamento cervical central profilático pode diminuir a taxa de recorrência local de microcarcinoma papilífero de tireoide após a tireoidectomia. Método: A literatura disponível, publicada de janeiro de 1990 a dezembro de 2017, sobre tireoidectomia com esvaziamento cervical central profilático versus tireoidectomia somente para microcarcinoma papilífero de tireoide foi obtida através de busca nas bases de dados online nacionais e internacionais. A metanálise foi feita após o processo de extração de dados. Resultados: Quatro estudos foram finalmente incluídos na metanálise, com 727 pacientes, dos quais 366 foram submetidos à tireoidectomia com esvaziamento cervical central profilático e 361 só receberam tireoidectomia. Como mostrado pelos resultados da metanálise, as taxas de recorrência com tireoidectomia com esvaziamento cervical central profilático foram de 1,91% e foram significantemente menores do que aquelas em pacientes submetidos somente à tiroidectomia (OR = 0,24, IC95% [0,10-0,56], p = 0,0009). Conclusão: Para pacientes com microcarcinoma papilífero de tireoide, o esvaziamento cervical central profilático é um procedimento seguro e eficiente e resulta em menor taxa de recorrência. Como as evidências são de baixa qualidade (estudos não randomizados), mais estudos randomizados são necessários.

Different Patterns of Risk Reducing Decisions in Affected or Unaffected BRCA Pathogenic Variant Carriers / Journal of the Korean Cancer Association, 대한암학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate decision patterns to reduce the risks of BRCArelated breast and gynecologic cancers in carriers of BRCA pathogenic variants. We found a change in risk-reducing (RR) management patterns after December 2012, when the National Health Insurance System (NHIS) of Korea began to pay for BRCA testing and riskreducing salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO) in pathogenic-variant carriers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study group consisted of 992 patients, including 705 with breast cancer (BC), 23 with ovarian cancer (OC), 10 with both, and 254 relatives of high-risk patients who underwent BRCA testing at the National Cancer Center of Korea from January 2008 to December 2016.We analyzed patterns of and factors in RR management. RESULTS: Of the 992 patients, 220 (22.2%) were carriers of BRCA pathogenic variants. About 92.3% (203/220) had a family history of BC and/or OC,which significantly differed between BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers (p < 0.001). All 41 male carriers chose surveillance. Of the 179 female carriers, 59 of the 83 carriers (71.1%) with BC and the 39 of 79 unaffected carriers (49.4%) underwent RR management. None of the carriers affected with OC underwent RR management. Of the management types, RRSO had the highest rate (42.5%) of patient choice. The rate of RR surgery was significantly higher after 2013 than before 2013 (46.3% [74/160] vs. 31.6% [6/19], p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: RRSO was the preferred management for carriers of BRCA pathogenic variants. The most important factors in treatment choice were NHIS reimbursement and/or the severity of illness.

Bilateral salpingectomy to reduce the risk of ovarian/fallopian/peritoneal cancer in women at average risk: a position statement of the Korean Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology (KSOG)

Based on the current understanding of a preventive effect of bilateral salpingectomy on ovarian/fallopian/peritoneal cancers, the Korean Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Korean Society of Gynecologic Endocrinology, Korean Society of Gynecologic Oncology, Korean Society of Maternal Fetal Medicine, and Korean Society for Reproductive Medicine support the following recommendations:• Women scheduled for hysterectomy for benign gynecologic disease should be informed that bilateral salpingectomy reduces the risk of ovarian/fallopian/peritoneal cancer, and they should be counseled regarding this procedure at the time of hysterectomy.• Although salpingectomy is generally considered as a safe procedure in terms of preserving ovarian reserve, there is a lack of evidences representing its long-term outcomes. Therefore, patients should be informed about the minimal potential of this procedure for decreasing ovarian reserve.• Prophylactic salpingectomy during vaginal hysterectomy is favorable in terms of prevention of ovarian/fallopian/peritoneal cancer, although operation-related complications minimally increase with this procedure, compared to the complications associated with vaginal hysterectomy alone. Conversion to open or laparoscopic approach from vaginal approach to perform prophylactic salpingectomy is not recommended.• Women who desire permanent sterilization at the time of cesarean delivery could be counseled for prophylactic salpingectomy before surgery on an individual basis.

Cirugía profiláctica en cáncer medular de tiroides hereditario / Prophylactic surgery in hereditary medullary thyroid cancer

Introducción: Se estima que del total de los cánceres, el 5-10% tendría una base genética. Actualmente es posible identificar a los individuos con predisposición genética en algunos cánceres como manera de intervenir precozmente en el desarrollo de esta enfermedad. Objetivos: Evaluar la utilidad de la cirugía profiláctica en el cáncer medular de tiroides hereditario. Material y métodos: Este trabajo es una revisión de literatura de diferentes estudios extraídos de bibliotecas electrónicas como Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), MedLine-PubMed y UpToDate, mediante la construcción de preguntas clínicas y términos MeSH enfocados principalmente en la búsqueda específica de información sobre el cáncer medular de tiroides hereditario. Resultados: Los estudios revisados demuestran que la tiroidectomía profiláctica con resección linfática cervical representa el único tratamiento eficaz en el caso del cáncer medular de tiroides hereditario. Conclusiones: La cirugía profiláctica ha demostrado una importante disminución del riesgo de cáncer de tiroides y se considera una conducta de rigor en portadores del gen RET en el cáncer medular de tiroides.

Introduction: Approximately 5-10% of global cancer has a genetic base. Nowadays it is possible to identify those who have a genetic predisposition for some cancers, so they can be treated in short term. Objectives: Evaluate how useful is prophylactic surgery on hereditary Medullary Thyroid Cancer. Materials and methods: This investigation is a literature review of different research papers from electronic databases such as Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), MedLine-PubMed and UpToDate. The research was made with clinical queries and MeSH terms, specially focused on hereditary Medullary Thyroid Cancer. Results: This research shows that prophylactic Thyroidectomy with cervical lymph node resection is the only effective and curative treatment for hereditary Medullary Thyroid Cancer. Conclusions: Prophylactic surgery has proof an important role decreasing the risk on Hereditary Thyroid cancer Syndrome and in RET carriers surgery is considered a must.

Cirugía profiláctica en síndrome de cáncer hereditario de mama / Prophylactic surgery in breast hereditary cancer syndrome

Introducción: Se estima que del total de los cánceres, el 5-10% tendría una base genética. Actualmente es posible identificar a los individuos con predisposición genética a desarrollar cáncer de mama, una manera de intervenir precozmente en el desarrollo de esta enfermedad. Objetivos: Evaluar la utilidad de la cirugía profiláctica en el síndrome de cáncer hereditario de mama. Material y métodos: Este trabajo es una revisión de literatura de diferentes estudios extraídos de bibliotecas electrónicas como Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), MedLine-PubMed y UpToDate, mediante la construcción de preguntas clínicas y términos MeSH enfocados principalmente en la búsqueda específica de información del síndrome de cáncer hereditario de mama. Resultados: Los estudios revisados demuestran que la mastectomía bilateral profiláctica (MBP) disminuye en un 90% el riesgo de desarrollar cáncer de mama en las mujeres portadoras de BRCA1 o BRCA2. En cuanto a la salpingooferectomía (SO), reduciría entre un 50-56% el riesgo de cáncer de mama dependiendo de la mutación a la que se asocie. Conclusiones: La cirugía profiláctica ha demostrado importante disminución del riesgo de cáncer de mama, por lo que su uso es recomendado al hallazgo de las mutaciones BRCA1 y BRCA2.

Introduction: Approximately 5-10% of global cancer has a genetic base. Nowadays it is possible to identify those who have a genetic predisposition for breast cancer, so they can be treated in short term. Objectives: Evaluate how useful is prophylactic surgery on Hereditary Breast cancer Syndrome. Materials and methods: This investigation is a literature review of different research papers from electronic databases such as Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), MedLine-PubMed and UpToDate. The research was made with clinical queries and MeSH terms, specially focused on Hereditary Breast cancer Syndrome. Results: This research shows that prophylactic bilateral mastectomy (PBM) decreases 90% risk of developing breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers. On the other hand, Salpyngo-oophoferectomy (SO) technique decreases around 53% chances of breast cancer, depending on the associated mutation. Conclusion: Prophylactic surgery has shown an important role decreasing the risk on Hereditary Breast cancer Syndrome. So on, in cases of BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers we suggest to perform prophylactic surgery.

Experience with Bilateral Risk-Reducing Mastectomy for an Unaffected BRCA Mutation Carrier / 한국유방암학회지

Women with BRCA1/2 mutations have a high risk of breast cancer and may opt for risk-reducing mastectomy (RRM). We report a 38-year-old Japanese woman who was diagnosed as a BRCA2 mutation carrier. She underwent prophylactic bilateral skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) with excision of the nipple and preservation of the areola skin. It is unclear whether a bilateral RRM leads to better survival compared with intensive surveillance. The oncological risk associated with the presence of remnant breast glandular tissue after SSM or nipple-sparing mastectomy has been obscure. We report the first case of RRM for a Japanese BRCA mutation carrier and provide a literature review on risk management for BRCA mutation carriers with a focus on the concepts and procedures of RRM.

Phacoemulsificatıon in eyes wıth cataract and high myopia / Facoemulsificação em olhos com catarata e alta miopia

ABSTRACTPurpose:To evaluate the outcomes and complications following phacoemulsification surgery in eyes with cataract and high myopia.Methods:We retrospectively evaluated the data of 43 eyes of 28 consecutive patients (12 males, 16 females) with cataract and high myopia who had undergone phacoemulsification and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. The mean [± standard deviation (range)] age of the patients was 59.20 ± 11.08 (39-77) years.Results:The frequency of nuclear cataract was significantly higher than that of other cataract types (P=0.003). The mean axial length was 28.97 ± 1.99 (26-33) mm and the mean IOL power was 5.09 ± 4.78 (-3.0 to +14.0) diopters (D). The mean preoperative spherical equivalent (SE) was -16.48 ± 5.23 (-8.00 to -25.00) D and the mean postoperative SE was -1.46 ± 0.93 (0.00 to -3.00) D (P=0.00). The mean preoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 0.91 ± 0.37 (0.30 to -1.50) logMAR and the mean postoperative BCVA was 0.29 ± 0.25 (0.00-1.00) logMAR (P=0.00). Twenty-two eyes (51.2%) achieved the target postoperative refraction (±1.0 D). The eyes were divided into 3 groups according to the axial length. The mean biometric error was significantly higher in the group with the greatest axial length than in the other groups (P=0.007). Preoperative argon laser photocoagulation was performed in 7 eyes (16%) on account of retinal tears, retinal holes, or lattice degeneration. Postoperatively, retinal tears developed in 2 eyes (4%) and were treated with photocoagulation. One eye (2%) developed retinal detachment postoperatively, with the patient consequently referred for retinal surgery. Postoperatively, posterior capsule opacities developed in 11 eyes (25%), with all cases treated by laser capsulotomy.Conclusions:Good postoperative outcomes following phacoemulsification surgery were observed in patients with cataract and high myopia. However, clinicians should be aware of the risk of postoperative retinal tears and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Preoperative prophylactic argon laser photocoagulation treatment should be considered where necessary.

RESUMOObjetivo:Avaliação dos resultados e complicações associadas à cirurgia de facoemulsificação em olhos com catarata e miopia alta.Método:Quarenta e três olhos de 28 pacientes (12 homens, 16 mulheres) consecutivos com catarata e alta miopia, que haviam sido submetidos a facoemulsificação e implante de lentes intraoculares (LIO), foram avaliados retrospectivamente. A idade foi de 59,20 ± 11,08, (39-77) anos [média ± desvio padrão, (variação)].Resultados:A frequência de catarata nuclear foi significativamente maior do que os outros tipos (p=0,003). O comprimento axial foi 28,97 ± 1,99, (26-33) mm e o poder da LIO foi 5,09 ± 4,78, (-3,0 a 14,0) dioptrias (D). O equivalente esférico pré-operatório (SE) foi de -16,48 ± 5,23, (-25,00 a -8,00) D e o SE pós-operatório foi -1,46 ± 0,93, (0,00 a -3,00) D, (P=0,00). A melhor acuidade visual corrigida pré-operatória (BCVA) foi de 0,91 ± 0,37, (0,30 -1,50) logMAR e a BCVA pós-operatória foi de 0,29 ± 0,25, (0,00-1,00) logMAR, (P=0,00). Vinte e dois olhos (51,2%) estavam dentro de refração alvo pós-operatória (± 1,0 D). Os olhos foram divididos em três grupos, de acordo com o comprimento axial. O erro biométrico foi significativamente maior no terceiro grupo, em comparação com os outros grupos (p=0,007). Fotocoagulação pré-operatória por laser de argônio foi realizada em 7 olhos (16%) devido a roturas retinianas, buracos de retina ou degeneração látice. No pós-operatório, as roturas da retina ocorreram em dois olhos (4%); tratados com fotocoagulação. Um olho (2%) desenvolveu descolamento de retina no pós-operatório e foi encaminhado para cirurgia de retina. No pós-operatório, opacidades da cápsula posterior ocorreram em 11 olhos (25%) e estes foram tratados com capsulotomia a laser.Conclusões:A cirurgia de facoemulsificação permite bons resultados em pacientes com catarata e miopia alta. No entanto, devemos estar atentos para a possibilidade de roturas da retina pós-operatórias e para o descolamento de retina regmatogênico. Se necessário, devemos usar o tratamento profilático de fotocoagulação a laser antes da cirurgia.

Evaluation of para-aortic nodal dissection for locoregionally advanced gastric cancer with 1-3 involved para-aortic nodes / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Prophylactic para-aortic nodal dissection (PAND) has no proven benefits for potentially curable advanced gastric cancer. However, the value of therapeutic PAND for involved para-aortic nodes (PANs) in patients with locally advanced gastric cancers has not been determined yet.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Between 1998 and 2010, 157 gastric cancer patients with 1-3 involved PANs underwent extended D2 (D2+) lymphadenectomy plus PAND (PAND group, n = 69) or extended D2 lymphadenectomy alone (non-PAND group, n = 88). The clinicopathologic features and prognostic data were compared between the two groups. A propensity score-adjusted analysis was used for a balanced comparison.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The rate of PAN metastasis was 40.6% (28/69) in the PAND group. The 5-year survival rate was significantly higher in the PAND group than in the non-PAND group (43.7% vs. 31.8%, P = 0.044). Compared to the non-PAND group, the death hazard ratios in the PAND group were 0.45 (95% CI 0.274-0.739; P = 0.002) and 0.536 (95% CI 0.328-0.861; P = 0.0097) by multivariate analysis without and with propensity score adjustment respectively. Recurrence rate at 5 years was 39.1% in the PAND group and 43.2% in the non-PAND group (P = 0.628).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Extended D2 lymphadenectomy plus PAND is associated with superior outcomes for advanced gastric cancer patients with 1-3 involved PANs.</p>